Drill and blast method is one of the most flexible tunnelling methods in hard rock. This method can be performed in wide variety of geological condition, in any tunnel shape and dimension. Design of the drill and blast pattern is an important part of this method. Ground borne vibration, air blast and fly rock are important factors that should be considered in the design along with more common parameters such as advance rate, powder factor, drill factor, maximum instantaneous charge, rock mechani

Tunnelling is essential for creating underground spaces like transport routes and utility networks. Various methods are used depending on ground conditions and project needs, with some less common techniques employed for specific situations. Each approach is selected based on factors such as geology, tunnel profile, tunnel length, project constraints, local resources, and purpose, reflecting the versatility of modern tunnelling methods. Follow us at tunnel.engineering #Tunneling #Engineering #Un